Phonology

* phonology: the study of speech sound systems and patterns.

* phone: a phonetic realization of a phoneme.

* phoneme: a contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable by rule.

* minimal pair: two words that differ in only one sound, like lap & lab.

* allomorph(同位音):one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest(指出) a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.{[p]&[ph]在語音中為/p/的同為音}

* complementary distribution

Complementary distribution in linguistics refers to the relationship between two elements where one element can be found only in a particular environment and the other element can be found only in the opposite environment. It often indicates that two superficially different elements are in fact the same at a deeper level.

Complementary distribution is commonly applied to phonology, where similar phones in complementary distribution are usually allophones of each other. For instance, in English, [p] and [ph] are allophones of the phoneme /p/ because they occur in complementary distribution. [ph] always occurs when it is the syllable onset and followed by a stressed vowel (as in the word pin). [p] occurs in all other situations (as in the word spin).

There are cases where elements are in complementary distribution, but are not considered allophones. For example in English [h] and [ŋ] (engma, written as "ng" in English) are in complementary distribution, since [h] only occurs at the beginning of a syllable and [ŋ] only at the end. But because they have so little in common they are still considered separate phonemes.

* the rule of phonology:

- assimilation

> vowel nasalization

- feature-changing

- dissimilation

>if sounds are too similar, we may miss the contrast in listening to speech. It may be easier to articulate dissimilar sounds.

- feature addition

- segment deletion and insertion

- movement